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Chad Terhune, Kaiser Health News

In an ominous sign for patient safety, 71 percent of reusable medical scopes deemed ready for use on patients tested positive for bacteria at three major U.S. hospitals, according to a new study.

The paper, published last month in the American Journal of Infection Control, underscores the infection risk posed by a wide range of endoscopes commonly used to peer deep into the body. It signals a lack of progress by manufacturers, hospitals and regulators in reducing contamination despite numerous reports of superbug outbreaks and patient deaths, experts say.

"These results are pretty scary," said Janet Haas, president of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. "These are very complicated pieces of equipment, and even when hospitals do everything right we still have a risk associated with these devices. None of us have the answer right now."

The study found problems in scopes used for colonoscopies, lung procedures, kidney stone removal and other routine operations. Researchers said the findings confirm earlier work showing that these issues aren't simply confined to duodenoscopes, gastrointestinal devices tied to at least 35 deaths in the U.S. since 2013, including three at UCLA's Ronald Reagan Medical Center. Scope-related infections also were reported in 2015 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles and Pasadena's Huntington Hospital.

The bacteria this latest study found weren't superbugs, but researchers said there were potential pathogens that would put patients at high risk of infection. The study didn't track whether the patients became sick from possible exposure.

The study's authors said the intricate design of many endoscopes continues to hinder effective cleaning and those problems are compounded when health care workers skip steps or ignore basic protocols in a rush to get scopes ready for the next patient. The study identified issues with colonoscopes, bronchoscopes, ureteroscopes and gastroscopes, among others.

"Sadly, in the 10 years since we've been looking into the quality of endoscope reprocessing, we haven't seen improvement in the field," said Cori Ofstead, the study's lead author and an epidemiologist in St. Paul, Minn., referring to how the devices are prepared for reuse.

"If anything, the situation is worse because more people are having these minimally invasive procedures and physicians are doing more complicated procedures with endoscopes that, frankly, are not even clean," Ofstead said.

The rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs such as CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), which can be fatal in up to half of patients, has made addressing these problems more urgent. About 2 million Americans are sickened by drug-resistant bacteria each year and 23,000 die, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

"We're not moving fast enough to a safer world of reusable medical devices," Michael Drues, an industry consultant in Grafton, Mass., who advises device companies and regulators. "There is plenty of fault to go around on device companies, hospitals, clinicians, on basically everybody."

Fluid droplets found inside a gastroscope, which tested positive for bacterial growth. (Courtesy of Ofstead & Associates Inc., American Journal of Infection Control)

Despite the potential risks, medical experts caution patients not to cancel or postpone lifesaving procedures involving endoscopes. These snake-like devices often spare patients from the complications of more invasive surgeries.

"Patients should speak to their provider and think about the risks versus the benefits," said Haas, who is also director of epidemiology at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

The Food and Drug Administration and Olympus Corp., a leading endoscope manufacturer in the U.S. and worldwide, both said they are reviewing the study.

Last month, the FDA issued warning letters to Olympus and two other scope makers for failing to conduct real-world studies on whether health care facilities can effectively clean and disinfect their duodenoscopes. The FDA ordered the manufacturers to conduct those reviews in 2015 after several scope-related outbreaks in Los Angeles, Seattle and Chicago made national headlines.

Olympus spokesman Mark Miller said the Tokyo-based company intends to "meet the milestones set forth by the FDA. ... Patient safety has always been and remains our highest priority."

The latest study examined 45 endoscopes, with all but two manufactured by Olympus. The other two were Karl Storz models.

Last year, researchers visited three hospitals, which weren't named, and performed visual examinations and tests to detect fluid and contamination on reusable endoscopes marked ready for use on patients. One hospital met the current guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting scopes, while the other two committed numerous breaches in protocol.

Nevertheless, 62 percent of the disinfected scopes at the top-performing hospital tested positive for bacteria, including potential pathogens. It was even worse at the other two -- 85 and 92 percent.

Researchers observed damage inside scopes that could hinder high-level disinfection. Above, the lining of a gastroscope had come loose. (Courtesy of Ofstead & Associates Inc., American Journal of Infection Control)

The study painted a troubling picture at the two lower-performing hospitals, which were well aware researchers were watching.

Among the safety issues: Hospital technicians wore the same gloves for handling soiled scopes fresh after a procedure and later, when they were disinfected and employees wiped down scopes with reused towels. Storage cabinets for scopes were visibly dirty and dripping wet scopes were hung up to dry, which is a known risk because bacteria thrive on the moisture left inside. The two hospitals also turned off a cleaning cycle on a commonly used "washing machine," known as an automated endoscope reprocessor, to save time.

"It was very disturbing to find such improper practices in big health systems, especially since these institutions were accredited and we assumed that meant everything would have been done properly," said Ofstead, chief executive of the medical research firm Ofstead & Associates.

Ofstead and her co-authors recommended moving faster toward sterilization of all medical scopes using gas or chemicals. That would be a step above the current requirements for high-level disinfection, which involves manual scrubbing and automated washing. A shift to sterilization would likely require significant changes in equipment design and major investments by hospitals and clinics.

In their current form, many endoscopes aren't built to withstand repeated sterilization. Some also have long, narrow channels where blood, tissue and other debris can get trapped inside.

In some cases, disposable, single-use scopes are an option, and new products are starting to gain acceptance. In other instances, certain parts of a scope might be disposable or removable to aid cleaning.

The Joint Commission, which accredits many U.S. hospitals and surgery centers, issued a safety alert last year about disinfection and sterilization of medical devices in response to a growing rate of noncompliance. In 2016, the Joint Commission cited 60 percent of accredited hospitals for noncompliance and 74 percent of all "immediate threat to life" citations from surveyors related to improperly sterilized or disinfected equipment.

Michelle Alfa, a professor in the department of medical microbiology at the University of Manitoba, said accreditors may need to conduct more frequent inspections and endoscopy labs should be shut down "if they don't get their act together. These results are totally unacceptable."

Kaiser Health News (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.